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Course Descriptions

100 Introduction to Philosophy
This course seeks to provide an understanding of what philosophy is by discussing some of the main problems that philosophers examine and by developing skills in the methods used in philosophy. Among the kinds of problems considered in this course are: Can we prove God’s existence? What distinguishes knowledge from mere belief? Is it always wrong to break the law? (Staff, offered annually)
Typical readings: Plato, The Trial and Death of Socrates; King, Letter From a Birmingham City Jail; Dworkin, Civil Disobedience; Perry, Dialogue on Immorality and Personal Identity; Cahn, Classics of Western Philosophy

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100 Introduction to Philosophy
Wonder about the existence of God, or life after death? Argue with friends about right and wrong, and wonder if there’s an answer? What gives humans free will, and could animals or machines have it? Students who are fascinated by these questions have the prerequisites to take this class. There are two sides to every issue, and the heart of critical thinking is understanding both sides. This is the skill students in this course hone. Students do this by reading classic and contemporary dialogues that represent both sides of these issues. Readings are short, focusing on depth and complexity. Course work consists mostly of very short essays that will be revised. There is a strong emphasis on precise writing and critical argumentation. (Barnes, offered annually)
Typical readings: Plato, The Trial and Death of Socrates; Perry, A Dialogue on Personal Identity and Immortality; Hume, Dialogues on Natural Religion; Williams, A Dialogue on Free Will

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120 Critical Thinking and Argumentative Writing
This course is designed to improve a person’s ability to think critically. While any course in philosophy does this, this course explicitly examines the principles of good reasoning. Emphasis is placed on the evaluation, the understanding, and the formulation of arguments. Instruction is given in the detection and correction of fallacies of reasoning and in the writing of argumentative essays. (Offered annually)
Typical readings: Wright, Critical Thinking; Lee, What is the Argument?

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125 Oral Argumentation and Debate
Effective oral communication is essential for success in life. This course introduces students to the theory and practice of oral argumentation and debate. Students read classic and contemporary texts on rhetoric to understand the basis of effective speaking in the face of an opposing viewpoint. Students come to understand the basic structures and tools of argument construction and deconstruction. There is some written work, but most graded work is in the form of oral debates, including required competition in two intercollegiate weekend (usually Friday to Saturday) debate tournaments. Lab fee: ($100 or less, depending on expenses); permission of instructor is required (first-years accepted). Crosslisted as WRRH 125.
Typical readings: Aristotle, Rhetoric; Meany, Art, Argument & Debate

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130 Moral Dilemmas: Limiting Liberty
The fundamental question addressed in this course is: To what extent is it morally justifiable to limit a person’s liberty? The two topics in connection with which this question is considered are pornography and hate speech. Both of these topics concern contents of expression that some people think are justifiably restrained. Others think that however abhorrent the contents of expression in those areas may be, freedom of expression should be abridged in very limited kinds of cases, and that the topics in question do not fall within that limited class. This course attempts to reach an understanding of the concerns that underlie both positions, the arguments that may be presented for and against both positions, and how to evaluate those arguments in order to reach a judgment that can be shown to be satisfactory. (Daise, offered alternate yesrs)
Typical reading: Bonevac, Today’s Moral Issues

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130 Moral Dilemmas: Doing the Right Thing
A moral dilemma is a situation in which there are good reasons to do something and apparently equally good reasons for not doing it. In this course students address one question from the moral point of view: Did a certain character in a novel do the morally right thing? While that particular question is of no special significance, by addressing it, students explore what enters into consideration of a question from a moral point of view—how different aspects of human relationships come into play. By virtue of that exploration, students see what kind of reflection is appropriate when we are confronted with a moral dilemma. The work for the course will include (1) understanding different moral theories, (2) applying theories to the “facts” of the case, (3) evaluating different moral theories, (4) understanding, constructing, and evaluating arguments. Students acquire an understanding of moral concepts and how to make use of those concepts in everyday situations. Students develop the skills for making intelligent judgments about which of alternative courses of action is the morally right one.
Typical reading: Robert Waller, The Bridges of Madison County; A. I. Melden, Rights and Persons

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140 Introduction to Value Theory
Values are embodied in our interpretations, in personal and collective perspectival stances we take on issues of everyday life. They become manifest in actions and words, when we state our opinion on, say, U.S. foreign policy, the role of parenting, the role of women in religion, the value of higher education etc. Values are generally acted out, most of them unconsciously. But some of them can be raised into our awareness and can be talked and written about. Although this process of consciousness-raising is not without its problems, this is precisely what this course tries to undertake. This course is an occasion for students to examine their personal beliefs surrounding the meaning or lack of meaning they encounter in major issues around the globe, both past and contemporary. Students begin by studying and writing about values in the form of aphorisms, anecdotes, short paragraphs. Then they aim at larger texts such as parables, fables, myths, manifestos, poems, and entire books. Students have as their main project to arrive at an overall narrative embodying some of their values. All writing in the course is oriented toward that final project.(Baer, offered occasionally
Typical readings: Nietzsche, Beyond Good and Evil; Euripides, Bacchae; Nietzsche, Birth of Tragedy; Freud, Civilization and Its Discontents; Marx/Engels, Communist Manifesto; Price, Three Gospels; Price, A Serious Way of Wondering; Kierkegaard, Works of Love

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150 Philosophy and Contemporary Issues: Justice and Equality
This course treats two topics that are of current social concern: the moral permissibility of abortion and the justification of affirmative action. Students learn how to apply the tools of philosophical analysis in attempting to resolve these issues. (Daise, offered annually)
Typical readings: Joel Feinberg, The Problem of Abortion; Ezorsky, Racism and Justice

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151 Philosophy and Contemporary Issues: Crime and Punishment
This course explores the relationship between moral responsibility and criminal responsibility. It looks at some perennial problems in ethical theory, such as: What makes an act wrong? When is a person morally responsible for their actions? When is punishment an appropriate response to behavior that violates social norms? It also looks at some problems in legal theory and in public policy, such as: What sorts of acts ought to be criminal? When is a person legally responsible for her actions? Why should insanity be a defense to criminal charges? The following general question links all these problems: Which forms of behavior control are morally justifiable responses to which forms of social deviance? (Brophy, offered annually)
Typical readings: Macklin, Man, Mind, and Morality: The Ethics of Behavior Control; Morris, The Brothel Boy and Other Parables of the Law; Murphy (ed.), Punishment and Rehabilitation, 3rd ed.; Katz, Bad Acts and Guilty Minds; Butler, Erewhon

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152 Philosophy and Contemporary Issues: Philosophy and Feminism
This course examines both the ways in which philosophical concepts and methodologies have influenced contemporary thinking about gender and the ways in which feminist viewpoints have challenged many traditional philosophical ideas. Among the topics discussed are: marriage and motherhood, justice within families, prostitution, rape, sexual harassment, abortion, and reproductive technologies. (Staff, offered alternate years)
Typical readings: Okin, Justice, Gender, and the Family; Minas (ed.), Gender Basics; Kourany et al., (ed.), Feminist Philosophies

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153 Philosophy and Contemporary Issues: Economic Justice
This course explores the question of distributive justice: How should social wealth be divided among the members of society? Since our world is one of scarcity, people often will not get everything they want, and some may not get everything they need. What should determine who gets what? What role should the market play in the achievement of distributive justice? Should the North feast while the South survives on crumbs? This course explores the question of economic or distributive justice as it arises both among the members of our own society and between the First and Third Worlds. (Lee, offered every third year)
Typical readings: Arthur and Shaw, Justice and Economic Distribution; Luper-Foy, Problems of International Justice; Okin, Justice, Gender, and the Family

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154 Philosophy and Contemporary Issues: Environmental Ethics
This course explores the ethical and philosophical issues that arise when we consider the relation between humans and the natural environment—issues made urgent by our current environmental crisis. Among questions examined are: Is the value of nature intrinsic or only instrumental? Do humans have obligations toward nonhuman animals? Why are animal species worth preserving? Is it individual animals or ecosystems that should be of moral concern? What can feminism tell us about our treatment of nature? Are economic efficiency and cost/benefit analysis adequate criteria for assessing our relation to the environment? (Lee, offered alternate years)
Typical readings: VanDeVeer and Pierce, (eds.), People, Penguins, and Plastic Trees; McKibben, The End of Nature; Regan, Earthbound

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155 Philosophy and Contemporary Issues: The Morality of War and Nuclear Weapons
This course explores the phenomenon of war from a moral point of view. Among the questions considered are: When, if ever, is it morally justified to fight a war? What, if any, are the moral limits on how one may fight a war? What difference have nuclear weapons made in our moral understanding of war? Among the topics considered are: just war theory, pacifism, realism, Hiroshima, and nuclear deterrence. (Lee, offered every three years)
Typical readings: Walzer, Just and Unjust Wars; Beckman, et al., The Nuclear Predicament

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156 Contemporary Issues: Biomedical Ethics
This course examines ethical issues that arise in the practice of medicine, in the delivery of health care, and in biomedical research. Ethical issues arise in all areas of human activity, but they arise in medicine with special urgency. Some reasons for this are the special nature of the physician/patient relationship, the importance of the matters of life and death involved, the difficulty in distributing health care in a just manner, and the many recent technological advances in medical treatment that exacerbate all of these problems. Among the issues considered are informed consent, patient autonomy, confidentiality and privacy, genetic intervention, medical experimentation, reproductive control, allocation of scarce medical resources, and justice in health care delivery. (Lee, offered alternate years)
Typical readings: Munson (ed.), Intervention and Reflection: Basic Issues in Medical Ethics ed. 5; Pence, Classic Cases in Medical Ethics

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156 Contemporary Issues: Biomedical Ethics
This course examines ethical issues that arise in the practice of medicine, in the delivery of health care, and in biomedical research. Ethical issues arise in all areas of human activity, but they arise in medicine with special urgency. Some reasons for this are the special nature of the physician/patient relationship, the importance of the matters of life and death involved, the difficulty in distributing health care in a just manner, and the many recent technological advances in medical treatment that exacerbate all of these problems. Among the issues considered are informed consent, patient autonomy, confidentiality and privacy, genetic intervention, medical experimentation, reproductive control, allocation of scarce medical resources, and justice in health care delivery. (Lee, offered alternate years)
Typical readings: Munson (ed.), Intervention and Reflection: Basic Issues in Medical Ethics ed. 5; Pence, Classic Cases in Medical Ethics

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156 Contemporary Issues: Biomedical Ethics
National health care policy is determined by economic, social, moral and political considerations. Students focus on three contemporary issues in health care policy. First, which patients should be allowed to die, who should decide, and should physicians assist patients in dying? Second, should human cloning or genetic engineering be legal? Third, how should society distribute our limited medical resources and should insurance be nationalized? A satisfactory public policy must confront all these hard questions in a way that has not yet been done. Students grapple with these issues individually and in small groups, working to develop and defend a coherent stance. Mostly work is very short essays that are revised. Expect a strong emphasis on precise writing and critical argumentation. The course includes three required film screenings outside of regularly scheduled class time. (Barnes, offered alternate years)
Typical readings: Kuhse & Singer, Bioethics: An Anthology; Selected articles from The Journal of Medical Ethics

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157 Ethical Inquiry: A Multicultural Approach
This course considers some specific ethical issues from global and multicultural perspectives. Topics include issues such as human rights, gender roles and morality, world hunger and poverty, euthanasia, and racial and ethnic discrimination. In addition to examining these issues using a variety of Western philosophical traditions, students consider approaches that come from Chinese, African, Indian, Native American, feminist, Buddhist, and Islamic cultures and perspectives. (Oberbrunner, offered occasionally)

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158 Philosophy and Contemporary Issues: Debating Public Policy
Effectively advocating for one’s plan of action, when it’s opposed, is what makes the difference between just a cool idea and an implemented policy. However, respectfully and persuasively selling one’s ideas requires knowledge and skills that most people lack. This course develops students’ theoretical knowledge of policy analysis tools and their practical skills (especially oral communication skills) to improve their advocacy. Students work in teams to develop public policy positions on current political, moral, and legal issues— domestic and international. Teams then formally debate these positions while other students vote on them. Strong emphasis is placed on anticipating problems with one’s own public policy positions. Students learn about the general structure and tools of advocacy and opposition, as well as particular issues of current concern. (Barnes, offered annually)
Typical readings: classic and contemporary texts in philosophy, regular reading of The New York Times and extensive group research on several debated issues

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159 Philosophy and Contemporary Issues: Global Justice
This course examines a set of ethical issues arising from the relations among nations and their peoples in the light of increasing global interdependence. What does global justice require of us? What is the moral significance of national borders? Are we justified in treating our compatriots as more important morally than those in other lands? What are the obligations of those of us in wealthy nations to the hundreds of millions on our planet in extreme poverty, especially when some of this poverty is the result of our own activities? Are our obligations to those in other lands negative only (not to harm), or are they also positive (to provide needed help)? In seeking to answer these questions, the course examines realist, statist, and cosmopolitan normative theories of international relations. (Offered alternate years)
Typical readings: Charles Beitz, Political Theory and International Relations; Henry Shue, Basic Rights; Thomas Pogge, World Poverty and Human Rights; John Rawls, The Law of Peoples

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159 Global Justice
This course examines a set of ethical issues arising from the relations among nations and their peoples in the light of increasing global interdependence and widespread global poverty. What does global justice require of us? What is the moral significance of national borders? Are we justified in treating our compatriots as morally more important than foreigners? What are the obligations of the wealthy individuals and nations to the hundreds of millions in extreme poverty? Are our obligations to those in other lands only not to harm them, or also to provide them needed help? In seeking to answer such questions, students examine realist, statist, and cosmopolitan normative theories of international relations. (Lee, Fall)

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170 Philosophy of Human Nature
All our social, legal, and political institutions depend on assumptions about human nature, as does each of us in everyday life. This course examines these assumptions. Are we purely material entities conditioned by our environment? Can we change human nature? Might we be the sole authors of our own identity? Are we basically good? Should society take precedence over the individual? Did Freud understand humans correctly? Did Marx? Do feminists? Students begin with readings from the world’s great wisdom traditions from India and China, then our culture’s Judeo-Christian foundations, followed by influential thinkers from Western philosophy and science. (Oberbrunner, offered every three years)
Typical readings: Leslie Stevenson (ed.) The Study of Human Nature: A Reader (2nd ed.; Leslie Stevenson and David L. Haberman, Ten Theories of Human Nature (3rd ed.)

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190 Facts and Values
This course examines a variety of issues relevant to an understanding of facts and values. What is the difference between a factual claim and a value claim? Does it make sense to think of facts as objective, and therefore the same for everyone, and values as subjective, and therefore relative to individuals, families, races, genders, classes, and cultures? What is the relationship between values and religion? How are values related to emotions? Is it possible, or even desirable, to put aside value preferences when we seek knowledge? In what ways can knowledge seeking inquiries be biased? (Offered alternate years)
Typical readings: Rachels, Elements of Moral Philosophy; Quine and Ullan, The Web of Belief; Feinberg (ed.), Reason and Responsibility

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220 Semiotics
This is an introductory course to semiotics, the doctrine of sign in all forms and shapes. Signs are processes of interpretation. Anything (object, idea, feeling, action) can become a sign by being interpreted. But interpretation is itself a sign in need of being interpreted, and so semiotics quickly becomes a labyrinth in which the concept of the sign becomes more, rather than less, problematic, as the inquiry into its nature proceeds. A wide variety of approaches to semiotics are presented, and applications to literature, art, architecture, dance, history, anthropology, film studies, women studies, photography, sociology, psychology, and biology are encouraged. (Baer, offered annually)
Typical readings: Plato, Cratylus; Berger, Introduction to Semiotics; Lakoff and Johnson, Metaphors We Live By; Frank, The Wounded Storyteller; Bal, Meaning Making

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230 Aesthetics
This course addresses a variety of philosophical issues relating to the arts. Some of the questions that the course considers are: What does the term “beautiful” mean? Are there other measures of aesthetic value besides “beauty?” What is the nature of artistic creativity? What is originality in art? Is there a role for art critics? What is the purpose of art museums? How are interpretations and evaluations of art influenced by race, gender, class, etc.? What value do the arts have for society? (Oberbrunner, offered annually)
Typical readings: Korsmeyer (ed.), Aesthetics: The Big Questions, Neill and Ridley, Arguing About Art; Neill and Ridley, The Philosophy of Art; Battin et al., Puzzles About Art

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232 Liberty and Community
This is a basic course in political philosophy. The focus is on striking a balance in a political order between the freedom of the individual and the demands of community. The central question is whether the state is merely instrumental to the fostering of individuality or instead is valuable because of the community it represents. A related question is whether social relations are best understood as created by contract among persons or as constitutive of personhood. What is at issue is the adequacy of liberalism. (Lee, offered alternate years)
Typical readings: Morgan, Classics of Moral and Political Theory; Avineri, Communitarianism and Individualism

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235 Morality and Self Interest
How should we act? Morality and individual self interest are often thought to give conflicting answers to this question. This course examines basic issues in moral theory by focusing on the question of whether acting in one’s own interests is incompatible with acting as morality requires. The course has a community service component. (Lee, offered alternate years)
Typical readings: Morgan, Classics in Moral and Political Theory; Nelson, Morality—What’s in it for Me?

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236 Philosophy of Law
Study of the law raises many problems for which philosophy can help provide solutions. At the same time, the law provides valuable source material bearing on many traditional issues in philosophy. This course studies these problems and issues by examining both philosophical writings on the law and legal opinions. Tort and contract law are examined, as well as criminal and constitutional law. Some of the questions to be considered are: What is law? What is the relation between law and morality? To what extent is the state justified in interfering with a person’s liberty? When are persons responsible for their actions? What is justice? When is a person liable for harm caused to others? When is it morally justified to punish a person? (Lee, offered alternate years)
Typical readings: Arthur and Shaw, Readings in Philosophy of Law; Scalia, A Matter of Interpretation

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237 Philosophy of Religion
After reviewing some world religions, this course examines philosophically a variety fundamental questions about religion. Can we honor both the global diversity of religions and our common humanity? Can rational thought help us? The Western tradition, both classical and contemporary, includes a fascinating set of arguments to prove God’s existence. Are they successful? Students address the Problem of Evil, a perennial question about why there is so much human suffering. Is religion patriarchal? What are some different ways of understanding the nature of divinity? Can we understand personal immortality? What is the relationship between religion and science? Students look at several perspectives on religious truth and ways of knowing it. (Oberbrunner, offered alternate years)
Typical readings: Huston Smith, The World’s Religions; Louis P. Pojman, Philosophy of Religion; Yeager Hudson, The Philosophy of Religion

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238 Philosophy of Natural Science: A Contemporary Introduction
This course focuses on several questions: What is “scientific method?” What is “inductive reasoning?” When is data evidence for a theory? How well can different sciences explain and predict the natural world? What is the relationship between explanation and prediction? What is the process by which a scientific community rejects one theory and replaces it with another? (Brophy, offered every three years)
Typical readings: Hacking, Representing and Intervening; Casti, Searching for Certainty: What Scientists Can Know About the Future; Boyd, Gasper, and Trout, (eds.), The Philosophy of Science

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240 Symbolic Logic
This course is an introduction to the techniques and theories of formal logic. It involves logic games and very user friendly instructional software in the Macintosh computer laboratory. Topics include translation to artificial languages; formal techniques and procedures (natural deduction and trees); the concepts of validity, soundness, completeness, and consistency; and the theory of deductive reasoning. (Brophy, offered every three years)
Typical readings: Barwise and Etchemendy, The Language of First Order Logic, including the program, “Tarski’s World”

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242 Experiencing and Knowing
How trustworthy are our sense organs for giving us information about the world? Is there any other good source of knowledge besides sensory experience? How reliable are the inductive methods of science? How can we tell when we have achieved knowledge? What is the scope of human knowledge? What are its limits? This course examines some 20th century discussions of these and similar questions that have long intrigued thinkers wishing to understand the capacities of the human mind. (Offered alternate years)
Typical readings: Alcoff (ed.), Epistemology: The Big Questions, Pojman (ed.,) The Theory of Knowledge

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250 Feminism: Ethics and Knowledge
This course examines various feminist critiques of traditional approaches to ethics and to knowledge. The first half of the course addresses moral issues. Are traditional moral theories adequate for addressing the problems that women face? Do women tend to think about morality differently than men do? What is “feminist ethics?” What moral obligations does it assign to individuals? What are its implications for governments and social policy? The second half of the course discusses issues in science and epistemology (i.e., theory of knowledge). Historically, how has science contributed to the subordination of women? Are social and political considerations relevant to science? Is it possible for science to be “objective?” What can be done to make science less biased? (Offered alternate years)
Typical readings: Kant, Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals; Mill, Utilitarianism; Held (ed.), Justice and Care; Sherwin, No Longer Patient; Kourany (ed.), The Gender of Science

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260 Mind and Language
This course explores one of the newest theories of mind and language and applies it to one of the oldest philosophic texts. The circle linking Lakoff and Johnson (1999) to the work of Chuang Tzu (4th century B.C.) does not only enclose some 2,500 years of philosophy but also attempts to build a bridge between a U.S. version of a philosophy of cognitive science with a version of Chinese Taoism. Specifically, students study a method of cognitive linguistics which states that the mind is inherently embodied and articulates itself mostly in metaphors in ways that remain largely unconscious. (Baer, offered annually)
Typical readings: Lakoff and Johnson, Philosophy in the Flesh; Mair, Wandering on the Way; Mote, Intellectual Foundations of China

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370 Ancient Philosophy
This course gives careful attention to Plato’s arguments on questions of morality. It explores Plato’s view of the proper relationship between the individual and society and the relationship between that view and Plato’s theory of knowledge. The views of the Sophists are examined, and Aristotle’s views in Metaphysics are also considered. (Daise, offered annually)
Typical readings: Plato, Meno; Protagoras, Republic; Aristotle, Metaphysics

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372 Early Modern Philosophy
This course is an introduction to the principal works and central theories of the early modern period (1600-1750). The philosophical thought of this period was closely tied to the newly developing sciences and also to profound changes in religion, politics, and morality. Accompanying the transformation of thinking in all of these areas was a renewed interest in skeptical theories from ancient sources, and what emerged was the beginning of uniquely modern approaches to philosophy. Each year this course focuses on a handful of texts from this period, to be selected from the works of Montaigne, Bacon, Galileo, Descartes, Hobbes, Bayle, Arnauld, Gassendi, Mersenne, Leibniz, Spinoza, Boyle, Butler, Malbranche, Pascal, Newton, Locke, Berkeley, and Hume. (Brophy, offered annually)

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373 Kant
Kant’s critical and transcendental investigations of the limits of the ability of the human mind to resolve issues of what we can know and how we should act have been enormously influential for all subsequent philosophical inquiry. This course is devoted to understanding the problems Kant faced, the answers he advanced, and the difficult and intriguing arguments he provided to support his views. Because understanding Kant’s empirical realism and transcendental idealism is incomplete without critical scrutiny of his argument, objections are introduced and discussed. (Baer, offered annually)
Typical readings: Kant, Critique of Pure Reason, Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals, Religion within the Limits of Reason Alone

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390 Contemporary Philosophy
This course traces the development of contemporary philosophy in the analytic Anglo-American tradition from Charles Peirce and Bertrand Russell through Ludwig Wittgenstein and Willard Quine, and beyond. Among the philosophical movements considered are pragmatism, naturalism, realism, intuitionism, positivism, emotivism, linguistic philosophy, conventionalism, and the return to normative theory. Special attention is paid to the development of analytic philosophy within ethics. At the end, an important recent book in analytic philosophy is studied. (Lee, offered annually)
Typical readings: Lindberg, Analytic Philosophy; Cahn and Haber, Twentieth Century Ethical Thought

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450 Independent Study

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460 Senior Seminar
This course has variable content. Each year a central philosophical issue or the work of an important philosophical figure is examined. (Offered annually)

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495 Honors

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Courses Offered Occasionally:*
140 Introduction to Value Theory
153 Philosophy and Contemporary Issues: Economic Justice
160 Philosophy of Medicine
205 Ideas of Self
225 Versions of Verity
237 Philosophy of Religion
271 Medieval Philosophy
274 German Idealism
380 Experience and Consciousness: Introduction to Phenomenology
381 Existentialism

*Frequency as determined by student demand and faculty availability

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Demarest Hall

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For more information, contact:

Scott Brophy, Professor of Philosophy, ext. 3377, 303 Demarest


Dept. Secretary:

Tina Phillip and Cindy Warren
781- 3347

Fax: (315) 781-3348